Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) is a classical protumor cytokine that binds to the CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) to polarize macrophages in the TME from an antitumor M1-like phenotype toward the protumor M2 phenotype and promotes tumor angiogenesis, proliferation, metastasis, and immune escape[7, 8]. Here, CSF1 is linked to neoplasm.