IL4 and Sepsis: In an in vitro study of sepsis, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced upregulation of inflammatory factors, such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17, indicating excessive proliferation and activation of Th1 and Th17 cells [27], while Gal-9 inhibited the upregulation of these factors and promoted the production of the Th2 and Treg cell-related cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 [28].