TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: For instance, IL-1β can induce bone erosion at the joint inflammation sites of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) via the orchestrated activation of OCs [30, 31] and the induction of other proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are secreted within inflamed synovium in patients with RA, contributing to the pain and functional disability [27–29].