VCP and cardiomyopathy: VCP disruption of valosin-containing protein activity causes cardiomyopathy and reveals pleiotropic functions in cardiac homeostasis.35 In patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) group, the serum VCP levels were significantly higher than the normal groups, which could be used as a stable biomarker in predicting the development of ACS and its ventricular dysfunction (VD).36 Many cofactors can interact with VCP that regulate its function by recruiting VCP to different cellular pathways.37 Most of the cofactors bind the N-terminal of VCP, while several others bind to the C-terminal.