VEGFA and Alzheimer disease: Associations between higher levels of serum IL-8 and WML in cognitively impaired no dementia and AD have been previously described,34 and the involvement of IL-8, sFlt-1, and VEGF-A in BBB impairment has also been previously described.9,13,18 We therefore suggest that upregulation of those cytokines could be involved in BBB impairment and contribute to the progress of WML (Figure 3).