Associations between higher levels of serum IL-8 and WML in cognitively impaired no dementia and AD have been previously described,34 and the involvement of IL-8, sFlt-1, and VEGF-A in BBB impairment has also been previously described.9,13,18 We therefore suggest that upregulation of those cytokines could be involved in BBB impairment and contribute to the progress of WML (Figure 3). Here, CXCL8 is linked to Alzheimer disease.