Many of the common secreted upstream regulators we identified, such as TNF, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-18, CD40L, IL-6, EGF, TGFβ, and IL-21, were previously reported to be associated with obesity and metabolic dysfunction (Table S11). Here, TGFB1 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.