Moreover, our analysis suggested that many previously uncharacterized intestinal immune cells, including CD4+ IEL-T cells, ILC1s, ILC2s, and CD4+ LPL-T cells, expressed high levels of the downstream genes of these key inflammatory pathways associated with obesity, which may contribute to their proliferation and infiltration, in accordance with changes in cell proportion and ligand–receptor interaction analysis (Fig. 7 C and Fig. 9 A). This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.