Various factors have been found to be associated with antitumor response to immunotherapy, including tumor-cell-intrinsic features (e.g., PD-L1 expression, tumor-associated antigens, tumor burden, tumor mutational burden, mismatch repair deficiency, and epigenetic alterations), tumor immune microenvironment signatures (e.g., tumor-infiltration lymphocytes and the presence of immunosuppressive cells), and environmental factors, such as diets and intake of antibiotics1,53–55. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.