GFAP and ischemia: Based on these results, we believe that exercise inhibited the decrease in GFAP expression in BrdU-incorporated astrocytes while promoted the decrease in GFAP expression in residential astrocytes before ischemia, resulting in an increase in the population of BrdU and GFAP double-positive astrocytes without increasing the total number of GFAP-positive astrocytes (Fig. 5).