AA: African American; ALT: alanine transaminase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRP: C-reactive protein; ESRD: end-stage renal disease; F: female; HIV: human immunodeficiency virus; HTN: hypertension; M: male; No: number; Ref: reference. Here, CRP is linked to stage 5 chronic kidney disease.