ATF4 and colorectal carcinoma: Next, we examined the effect of rapamycin and Torin1 on ATF4 induction in CRC cells (Fig. 3D–F), finding that both inhibitors suppressed the L2HG-mediated induction of ATF4 target genes (Fig. 3D), ATF4 nuclear localization (Fig. 3E), and ATF4-dependent transcription (Fig. 3F).