Finally, to explore the heterogeneity of CAF subtypes caused by different etiologies, we performed scRNA-seq of 7 non-HBV-related HCC tumors and found that the proportions of CD36+ CAFs and lpCAFs were significantly decreased in non-HBV HCC (including alcohol-, fatty liver- or drug-induced HCC) compared with HBV-HCC (Fig. 1j–l and Supplementary Fig. S1m, n), which may be caused by HBV protein-induced lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in HBV-related HCC13. Here, CD36 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.