Although the full extent of mechanisms underlying the protective nature of certain chronic IFN responses remains unknown, two studies linked persistent STING activity with the IFN-driven expression of several PARP-family genes, including PARP9 and PARP12, posited to promote tumour cell resistance to genotoxic stresses [43, 45] by enhancing DNA damage repair responses [46]. Here, IFNA1 is linked to neoplasm.