TARDBP and neuroblastoma: In addition, overexpression of TDP-43 in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells increased eIF2α phosphorylation, and increased eIF2α phosphorylation upregulates the transcription levels of ER stress-related genes such as ATF4, CHOP, and GADD34. Similarly, a reduction in eIF2α phosphorylation restores the transcription level of ER stress-related genes and mitigates TDP-43-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y cells (Jeon et al., 2021).