TNF and Alzheimer disease: Moreover, neuronal insulin resistance is also associated with neuroinflammation via the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) /c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) pathway, which, in AD, is activated by Aβ oligomers and misfolded Tau that consequently alter the IRS1/mTOR signaling pathway (Liang et al., 2019).