Among them, the ratios of TG to HDL-C (TG/HDL-C) (12, 13), TC to HDL-C (TC/HDL-C) (11), uric acid (UA) to HDL (UA/HDL-C) (9), LDL-C to HDL-C (LDL-C/HDL-C) (16) and apolipoprotein B to apolipoprotein A1 (APOB/A1) (17) have been previously reported to be associated with the risk of NAFLD in different populations. Here, APOA1 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.