Transformed TECs can facilitate the inflammatory response through production of various bioactive molecules such as pro-inflammatory cytokines (Interleukins, tumor necrosis factors, colony stimulating factors and growth factors), chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CCL2, CXC chemokine ligand 8/IL-8 and CXC chemokine ligand 12/SDF-1), adhesion molecules (intracellular adhesion molecue-1 and selectins), reactive oxygen species and C-reactive proteins which can lead to interstitial inflammation in kidney (Figure 2A). Here, CCL2 is linked to medical procedure.