Alternatively, the augmentation of BMPR2 can alsorebalance the BMPR2/TGFβ scale; the BMPR2 ligand BMP9 has been proposedas a means of restoring balanced SMAD signaling in the pulmonary vasculature andhas shown efficacy at reversing PAH in preclinical studies [262]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to pulmonary arterial hypertension.