Administration of SB203580 (an inhibitor of p38), SCH772984 (an inhibitor of ERK1/2) or JSH-23 (an inhibitor of NF-κB) after infection with Giardia led to COX-2-mediated inflammatory factor expression activation via the NF-κB and p38/ERK1/2/MAPK signaling pathways (151). Here, PTGS2 is linked to infection.