TNF and COVID-19: Furthermore, another study proved that alcohol consumption is directly related to systematic inflammation in COVID-19 patients because ethanol (EtOH) exacerbates the activation of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL6, IL1B, IFN, and TNF-α and inflammation-related transcription factors, including HIF1-α, JUN, NF-κB, and STATs via induction of PPAR–RXR inactivation (158).