TNF and COVID-19: In this regard, extensive studies have recently reported that high circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, IFN-γ, IL1β, IL6, IL12, IL18, IL33, TNF-α, TGF-β, IL1RA, IL7, IL8, IL9, VEGFA, etc.)and chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10, etc.)have been identified in patients with severe COVID-19 (105, 111–114).