TNF and Hepatic fibrosis: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase2-derived ROS could stimulate macrophages to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, which promote the development of hepatic fibrosis by up-regulating NF-κB pathway and activate JNK activator protein-1 in HSCs (127).