Although both TLR7 and TLR9 activate downstream NF-κB and p38 MAPK signalling through MyD88 in B cells, data suggest that TLR7 does not promote B-cell death after proliferation in SLE in vivo and in vitro, but it does promote plasma cell differentiation (77). This evidence concerns the gene TLR9 and systemic lupus erythematosus.