TNF and diabetes mellitus: Diabetes augments levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-17 (IL-17), interleukin-23 (IL-23), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in human periodontal tissue (Bastos et al., 2012; Polak and Shapira, 2018).