TNF and cancer: As described by KEGG analysis, targets in module 1 were mainly associated with pathways in cancer, PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, cellular senescence, TNF signaling pathway, and IL-17 signaling pathway; targets in module 2 were mainly related to pathways in cancer, p53 signaling pathway, and apoptosis; targets in module 2 were mainly correlated with pathways in cancer, Ras signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, and apoptosis (Supplementary Figure 1C).