All samples were analyzed through received NGS for 416 cancer-associated genes and showed that in cohort 1 with matched tumor tissues, 93.1% of tissue-assayed driver mutations were detected in MPE cell-free DNA, including activin-like kinase (ALK), v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1, EGFR, kirsten rats arcomaviral oncogene homolog (KRAS), neuro kinin, neurofibromin 1, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha and proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase receptor ret, whereas only 62.1% were detected in plasma cell-free DNA [49]. Here, ALK is linked to neoplasm.