Other studies have shown the mechanism of action of HSPs in preventing AF and also discussed the therapeutic potential of HSP-inducing compounds in clinical AF and the potential of HSPs as biomarkers to discriminate between the recurrence of AF and various stages of AF after treatment.82 In the same way, Sakabe et al. suggested that HSP induction could be a useful new anti-AF intervention in patients with coronary artery disease.83 The gene discussed is HSP90B2P; the disease is coronary artery disorder.