The authors looked at the relationships between 85 protein biomarkers and new cases of AF and linked a higher incidence of incident AF to lower levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 and higher levels of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 and N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide.103 Elsewhere, Wu et al. suggested that new findings would add to the growing evidence suggesting that enhanced oxidative stress has a significant pathogenic role in PoAF.104. This evidence concerns the gene IGFBP1 and atrial fibrillation.