Geranylgeranylacetone (GGA) is a drug that is pharmacologically important for the induction of HSPs, which could represent a novel therapeutic approach to AF.71 Hu et al. also reported that HSPB1 levels in serum from patients treated with ablative therapy predicted AF recurrence.84 Another study reported that AF is closely connected to atherosclerotic burden, and fluctuations in levels of several HSPs have been related to an increased occurrence of AF in stressed cardiomyocytes after ischemia–reperfusion injury. This evidence concerns the gene HSPB1 and atrial fibrillation.