CCL21 and neoplasm: In preclinical investigations, GM-CSF, CCL21, interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-21, IL-12, IL-15, IL-18, and type 1 interferon have been found to have anticancer action and encourage the development of CD4 T cells into Th1 cells that can secrete anti-tumor cytokines, such as IFN-γ and IL-2 (53).