TNF and lung cancer: measured 16 cytokine levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), GM-CSF, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukins (IL): IL-6, IL-7, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-23, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-4, IL-5) and fractalkine, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum of individuals with lung cancer compared to healthy persons (52).