Ongoing studies have identified several signaling pathways required for NB growth and development, including the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, p53-mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) pathway (Lu et al., 2016), RAS/MAPK signaling pathway, and ALK signaling pathway (Infarinato et al., 2016), which may contribute to resistance of NB to conventional treatments. This evidence concerns the gene ALK and neuroblastoma.