TNF and intervertebral disk degenerative disorder: An abundance of previous studies has reported the presence of elevated inflammatory factors in IDD patients, such as interleukins (IL)-1, −6, −8, −12, −17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nitric oxide (NO), interferon (IFN)-γ, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (Lyu et al., 2021).