ESR1 and neoplasm: Furthermore, categorical and pathway analyses indicated that the hypomethylated genes were involved in the response to stress and the HNF-1β pathway and had increased expression, such as HNF-1α, HNF-1β, PAX8 (paired box gene 8) and SGK2 (serum and glucocorticoid kinase 2), while the hypermethylated genes included members of the estrogen receptor α (ERα) network genes involved in tumor development and had decreased expression (Yamaguchi et al., 2014b).