HMGB1 and ischemic stroke: Brain specimens from patients who died from ischemic stroke reveal dense neutrophilic infiltration and NET production in the ipsilateral brain tissue. NETs are detected in platelet-rich areas in ischemic stroke thrombi. HMGB1 expression is increased on the surface of platelets and in the plasma of stroke patients, induces NET production, and exacerbates ischemic brain injury (78).