Other than FLT3-ITD and TP53 (both of which have already been incorporated as adverse genetic factors in the 2017 ELN risk stratification scheme; ref. 17), our study in addition affirmed adverse prognosis of mutations in other genes such as CSF3R, DNMT3A, IDH2, KIT, KRAS, NOTCH1, NRAS, and TET2 (all classified as “myeloid.gene.R” or “myeloid.gene.MR”) in adult de novo non-M3 AML, consistent with some recent publications (38, 40, 74–78). Here, FLT3 is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.