ESR1 and colorectal cancer: As for colorectal cancer, ER-ß is expressed in the epithelium of normal and malignant colon cells (Elbanna et al. 2012); in clinical studies, ER-ß expression was related to disease grade and stage and inversely correlated with tumor progression (Jassam et al. 2005; Rudolph et al. 2012); consequently, it has been hypothesized that BPA-driven disruption of ER-ß function results in the loss of its tumor protective function by inhibition of estrogen-induced pro-apoptotic signaling and gene expression (Bolli et al. 2010).