TGFB1 and Myocardial fibrosis: By directly or indirectly activating fibroblasts and promoting the expression of other related factors that affect collagen synthesis in fibroblasts, Gal-3 promotes myocardial fibrosis by interacting with the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and mediated by TGF-β and Hippo pathways [92, 93].