In line with this, a study on female primates fed with HFD for 4 years revealed that maternal obesity triggers a neuroinflammatory response in fetal hypothalamus, including upregulation of IL-1 receptor type 1, mainly expressed by endothelial cells of the microvasculature, and increased Iba1 expression, accompanied by elevated levels of IL-1β and molecules involved in BBB trafficking, such as CCL26, CCR3, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3 and MCP-1 [264]. Here, CCL23 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.