In the setting of hypercholesterolemia, deficiency of ABCA1, ABCG1, and apoE impairs cholesterol efflux in HSPCs and results in cholesterol accumulation in the lipid rafts, which promotes the recognition and activation of GM-CSF, IL-3, and pattern recognition receptors to enhance skewed myelopoiesis (Murphy et al., 2014; Ma and Feng, 2016; Gu et al., 2019; Stiekema et al., 2021). This evidence concerns the gene CSF2 and familial hypercholesterolemia.