Among the altered genes, BNC2 is a putative tumor suppressor (31); RASA1 gene (Ras p21 protein activator 1) is the regulator of Ras oncogene, and mutation in RASA1 may turn on oncogenic pathways (32); Smad2 is a tumor suppressor; and Yap1 is an oncogenic co-activator in the Hippo pathway when overexpressed. Here, SMAD2 is linked to neoplasm.