Mutations of oncogenes, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (94, 95) and kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene (KRAS) (96), or tumor suppressor genes such as Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) (97, 98) and tumor protein P53 (TP53) (99, 100), can cause activation of cell proliferation and resisting cell death signals in NSCLC, leading to radioresistance (Figure 4). This evidence concerns the gene KEAP1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.