The level of TGF-β, which inhibits macrophage activation, downregulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, stimulates angiogenesis by elevated VEGF levels, and promotes integrin-mediated adhesion and fibrosis via the Smad signaling pathway, is enhanced in the PF and endometriotic lesions of patients with endometriosis (125). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and endometriosis.