In a recent research with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model, C23 alleviated pulmonary fibrosis and molecular markers of fibrosis were ameliorated in TLR4-/-mice (54), suggesting that eCIRP acts as a key a key promoter of PF, and blockage eCIRP with C23 can significantly attenuate this inflammatory PF. Here, TLR4 is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.