While multiple studies have indicated reduced airway hyper-reactivity, eosinophilic airway inflammation, mucus production, and IgE levels following administration of anti-CD137 mAb, indicating its potential to alleviate asthma (40, 87–90), a study using anti-CD137 antibody showed no reduction in airway hyper-reactivity and eosinophilic inflammation in a murine model of asthma, although abolished allergen-specific IgE was observed (91). Here, TNFRSF9 is linked to inflammation.