TGFB1 and lung cancer: In order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the signature, the enriched pathways in the high- and low-risk group obtained by GSEA analysis were significantly associated with the TGF-β signaling pathway, which had been extensively confirmed to play a key role not only in PCa but also in neurological disorders, cardiovascular disease, gastric cancer, breast cancer, and lung cancer [6, 35–37].