Conte et al. demonstrated that pirfenidone, an orally active small molecule that has been shown to inhibit the progression of fibrosis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients, reduces HLF proliferation and TGF-β mediated differentiation into myofibroblasts by attenuating key TGF-β induced signaling pathways61. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is fibrosis.