SP: sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine; treatment: SP used for the clinical treatment of uncomplicated malaria; IPTp: SP used for intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy; AS-MQ: artesunate + mefloquine combination therapy; DHA-PPQ: dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine combination therapy.dhfr triple mutant refers to having all three of 51I, 59R and 108N indhfr. This evidence concerns the gene DHFR and malaria.