NR1H4 and cholestasis: According to previous studies, there are three possible mechanisms for probiotics to alleviate cholestasis (Figure 3): (i) probiotics inactivate bacteria, bacterial metabolites, bacterial cell lysates, and other components (i.e., prebiotics) can activate liver FXR to induce the expression of SHP molecules, thus inhibiting the expression of CYP7A1, CYP8B1, and CYP27A1 and reducing the synthesis and accumulation of BAs in the liver.