VTCN1 and cancer: Mechanistically, this can range from the remodelling of the TME through increased recruitment of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) and T regulatory (Treg) cells, and stromal remodelling with TGF-β induction of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs), to differential cytokine (VEGF, IL-6, IL-8) and checkpoint molecule (PD-L1, B7-H4) expression.