AKT1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: Specifically, in the case of pancreatic cancer, 90% of tumors contain the mutated Ras gene, and the expression of its downstream effectors, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), is also upregulated [13, 14].