While short-term depletion in MYTHO protects against muscle atrophy in various catabolic conditions, including starvation, cancer cachexia, denervation, and sepsis, its long-term depletion results in a severe myopathic phenotype caused, at least in part, by sustained activation of the mTORC1 pathway (Fig. 8). The gene discussed is PHAF1; the disease is cancer.