Compared with the SR subjects, the AF patients had more enriched pathways, such as KRAS signaling up, IL-2/STAT5 signaling, angiogenesis, UV response down, glycolysis, epithelial mesenchymal transition, mTORC1 signaling, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and DNA repair. This evidence concerns the gene IL2 and atrial fibrillation.