As shown in Figure 9A, compared with the SR subjects, the expression levels of neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (NCF2), lysosomal protein transmembrane 5 (LAPTM5), hematopoietic cell signal transducer (HCST), hematopoietic cell-specific lyn substrate 1 (HCLS1), C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), coronin 1A (CORO1A), complement C1q C chain (C1QC) and junction adhesion molecule like (AMICA1) were significantly increased in AF patients. Here, HCLS1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.