Studies have demonstrated that TNF-α has roles in the development of atherosclerosis.[49,50] Finally, recent findings demonstrated that adipose tissue regulates the LH secretion via leptin production.[51] Elevated levels of LH are associated with abnormalities predisposing to CVD risk such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and systemic inflammation.[52,53]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and atherosclerosis.