Although the role of oxidants and antioxidants in sinonasal mucosal inflammation in CRS is unclear, accumulating evidence shows that the expression of cytoprotective enzymes, including heme oxygenase-1 and dual oxidases, and H2O2-producing isoforms of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, is increased in CRS, suggesting that oxidative stress participates in the pathophysiology of CRS (1, 32, 33). The gene discussed is HMOX1; the disease is congenital rubella syndrome.